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What is Testosterone? |
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Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone (androgen), although it appears in both genders. It
is derived from cholesterol and is classified as an anabolic steroid because it causes body tissues to
bulk up and encourages the retention of protein.
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| How Is Testosterone Produced? |
Testosterone is produced mainly in the testes (more than 95 percent) and in the ovaries in females
To stimulate testosterone production, the hypothalamus releases a substance to the pituitary gland
called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone, in turn releases luteinizing
hormone (LH).
When luteinizing hormone reaches the testes, it influences activity in the Leydig cells, which is
where cholesterol is gradually changed into a series of compounds until it becomes testosterone.
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| Free Testosterone |
When testosterone is released into the bloodstream, it is mostly bound to a special carrier compound
called sex hormone binding globulin or SHBG. SHBG, which is produced by the liver, plays an
important role in regulating the amount of free testosterone circulating in the body. In order for
testosterone to be biologically available for the body’s use, it must be “unbound” or “free.”
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What Does Testosterone Do? |
| Testosterone is responsible for the normal growth and development of male sex and reproductive
organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate, and seminal vesicles. Additionally, it
facilitates the development of male sex characteristics such as: |
|
$Musculature
$Bone mass
$Fat distribution
$Hair patterns
$Laryngeal enlargement
$Vocal chord thickening
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Testosterone must be
unbound, that is ‘free,’ in order
to be utilized in the body. |
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Normal testosterone levels support |
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$Good energy levels
$Healthy immune system
$Fertility
$Sexual desire
$Healthy mood
Throughout life a man’s body will continue to produce testosterone, although the production rate
declines significantly with age.
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Low Testosterone and What It Means |
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The Causes of Low Testosterone |
Aging.
The most common cause of reduced testosterone levels is simply the natural process of aging.
Your body's testosterone level peaks during adolescence and early adulthood. Starting around age
30, testosterone levels in men decrease by approximately 1.5% every year. By the time a man
reaches the age of 80, he usually has only 20% or less of the testosterone he had in his 20’s and
30’s.
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Starting around the age of 30,
testosterone levels decrease by
approximately 1.5% per year |
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Other Causes of Testosterone Deficiency |
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Aside from aging there are other potential causes
of low testosterone, including: |
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$Stress
$Medications
$Inflammatory diseases
$Chemotherapy treatment
$Radiation treatment for cancer
$Too much iron (hemochromatosis)
$Chronic illness
$Pituitary gland dysfunction
$Alcoholism
$Damage to the hypothalamus
$Injury or infection to the testicles
$Genetic Issues
$Chronic illness
$Cirrhosis of the liver
$Congenital abnormalities
$Chronic kidney failure
$AIDS
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Andropause |
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Andropause (often
referred to as male menopause) is characterized by a gradual drop in
testosterone levels over many years. Because symptoms appear over a long
period of time, they are often not recognized and are ignored |
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Symptoms and Signs of Low Testosterone (Andropause) |
Low testosterone deficiency can lead to a number of disturbing symptoms, including:
$Decrease in sex drive$Erectile dysfunction
$Feelings of depression
$Decreased sense of well-being
$Decrease in muscle mass
$Fatigue
$Difficulties with concentration and memory
$Increase in body fat
$Higher bad cholesterol (LDL); lower good cholesterol (HDL)
$Decrease in hemoglobin and mild anemia
$Fragile bones (osteoporosis)
$Lethargy
$Impotence
$Loss of libido
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Other Signs of Low Testosterone |
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$Loss of body, facial and pubic hair
$Increased breast tissue (Gynecomastia)
$Thinner wrinkly skin, especially on the face
$Reduced testicular volume
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Health Risks of Low Testosterone |
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Serious Long Term Health Risks of Low Testosterone |
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$Prostate cancer
$Cardiovascular disease
$Alzheimer’s Disease
$Osteoporosis
$ Atherosclerosis
$Hip and spine fractures
$Coronary artery disease
$Depression
$Frailty in older men
$Dementia
$Metabolic syndrome
$Type 2 diabetes
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Clinical Studies:
Health Risks of ‘Low T'
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Men with lower testosterone levels
are more likely to die from
cardiovascular disease and all causes
compared with men who have higher
levels of testosterone. |
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Cardiovascular Disease |
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A recent study found that men with lower
testosterone levels were 65% more likely to die
from cardiovascular disease and all causes
compared with men who had higher levels. The
authors concluded that low testosterone may be
a predictive marker for those at high risk of
cardiovascular disease. 1, 28, 29, 30 |
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In another study the Baylor University College of Medicine reported that there is a higher
prevalence of depression, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, fracture rates, frailty, and even
dementia with low testosterone states. 2
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Low testosterone levels may be
intimately linked with insulin
resistance, metabolic syndrome
and diabetes. |
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Diabetes |
Today in America Type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions. In addition, metabolic
syndrome, a condition marked by insulin resistance that dramatically increases the risk of heart
disease and diabetes, is also becoming dangerously more prevalent. Scientists have proposed that
low testosterone might serve as a prognostic tool for early detection of metabolic syndrome. 3
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Research is clearly demonstrating that low testosterone
levels may be intimately linked with insulin resistance
and its related conditions of metabolic syndrome and
diabetes. 3,4
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Research currently suggests that between 20% and 64%
of men with diabetes have low testosterone levels and
older men appear to be particularly susceptible. 5
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Depression |
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In a recent study of 3,987 older men in Australia, researchers found that those with depression had
significantly lower testosterone concentrations than men without depression. 6
Other studies have shown an improvement in depression scores with testosterone therapy in patients
with depression who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. 7, 8
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Low Free Testosterone Levels Linked to Alzheimer's Disease in Older Men |
Older men with lower levels of free, or unbound, testosterone circulating in their blood streams
could be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) than their peers, according to
research conducted by investigators at the National Institute on Aging (NIA). 27
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Clinical Studies:
Health Benefits of Increasing Testosterone
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Cardiovascular Health |
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A recent study, men with ischemic heart disease and low testosterone levels reported that exercise
time and the time to development of ischemic changes on a treadmill test were both increased with
testosterone therapy. The study suggests that increasing testosterone levels may improve the
symptoms of coronary artery disease. 9
Another placebo-controlled study found that 12 weeks of increasing testosterone levels improved
the ability of the brachial artery to dilate in men with coronary artery disease, suggesting an
improvement in endothelial function. 10
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Diabetes |
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Restoring testosterone to youthful ranges may confer a wide array of benefits to men affected by
type 2 diabetes. The reported benefits of increased testosterone levels include improved glucose
homeostasis (balanced sugar levels), reduction in abdominal fat and improved erectile function. 11
Likewise, scientists believe that testosterone replenishment may help reverse some of the key
biochemical abnormalities that underlie metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance and central
obesity. 12, 13
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Cognitive Abilities |
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Testosterone supplementation clearly seems to be beneficial for proper male mental and verbal
function. Several studies have shown that short term testosterone administration exerts a beneficial
effect on spatial and verbal memory and enhances cognitive function in healthy men. 14 - 17
According to the National Institute on Aging (NIA) older men with higher levels of free, or
unbound, testosterone circulating in their bloodstreams have better visual and verbal recall and
perform spatial tasks more adeptly than their peers. 19
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Frees Bound Testosterone |
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A study suggests increasing testosterone levels could have an effect on the production of SHBG
(Sex Hormone Binding Globulin). Analysis showed that SHBG levels were reduced in 36% of the
cases after one week of increasing testosterone and up to 66% after 3 weeks. Reduction in SHBG
indicates less protein to bind with androgen and therefore more free testosterone for use by organs.
A reduction will also reduce fat production. 18
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Increasing Testosterone:
Medical Options
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy
(TRT) may stimulate the growth of
prostate cancer. |
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) |
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The importance of testosterone to our lives is
unquestionable. The issue now becomes, how can
you increase your testosterone levels? The most
popular medical protocol is Testosterone
Replacement Therapy (TRT) which is commonly
prescribed by medical doctors to increase testosterone levels. Synthetic (artificial) testosterone is
used in this therapy.
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Is Testosterone Replacement Therapy Safe? |
Although approved by the FDA and administered by physicians nationwide, we should be
cognizant of the potential reactions and side effects of TRT and its protocols. The information
below was extrapolated from a large number of health care providers who are currently prescribing
TRT. A physician prescribing TRT should provide their patients with this information.
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TRT Delivery Regimens and Allergic Reactions |
Testosterone Replacement Therapy is administered through one of three different regimens:
intramuscular injections, testosterone patches, or testosterone gels. There are certain risks not only
with the synthetic testosterone that is introduced into the body, but with the actual delivery
protocols as well. Common allergic reactions associated with testosterone injections, patches and
gels include:
· Severe headache
· Mood changes
· Memory problems
· Nausea and vomiting
· Rash
· Hives
· Itching
· Difficulty breathing
· Tightness in the chest
· Swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue
· Breast pain
· Stomach pain
· Swelling of the ankles or legs
· Urination problems
· Weight gain
· Change in the size or shape of the testicles
· Dark urine or light-colored bowel movements
· Dizziness
· Gingivitis
· Interrupted breathing while sleeping
· Loss of appetite
· Painful or prolonged erection
· Yellowing of the skin or eyes
· Calf pain, swelling, or redness
· Excessive daytime sleepiness
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Warning |
Aside from allergic reactions mentioned above, the following is a common warning regarding the
testosterone patch: “Some testosterone may be left on the skin after a patch is removed and there is
a possibility that your partner could absorb some of the hormone during sex and suffer unwanted
changes, such as increased hair growth, virilization or an aggravation of acne.”
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Adverse and serious
side effects are associated with
Testosterone Replacement
Therapy (TRT) |
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Risks of Testosterone Replacement Therapy
(TRT) |
|
In addition to the allergic reactions related to the delivery
methods used for TRT (injections, patches and gels), many
adverse and serious side effects are associated with the
synthetic testosterone used in TRT. The side effects listed
below were extrapolated from numerous health care providers and are a result and compilation of
clinical observations, studies and anecdotal feedback from patients.
$Enlargement of the prostate (BHP) causing urination problems
$Growth of prostate cancer (when cancer cells are already present in the prostate)
$Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
$Gynecomastia (breast growth in one or both breasts)+
$Worsening of sleep apnea
$Decreased testicular size
$Liver toxicity
$Body odor
$Acne and/or seborrhea
$Decrease in sperm count, producing infertility--especially in younger men
$Accelerated bone maturation (osteoporosis)
$Changes in cholesterol concentrations
$Hematologic suppression of clotting factors II, V, VII, and X (red cell production)
$Decreased libido
$Mental changes such as anxiety, depression, hostility, suicidal thoughts
$Generalized paresthesis (sensation of numbness or tingling on the skin)
$Increased red blood cell proliferation which may increase heart attacks, strokes, orperipheral clotting in the veins
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Oncologic side effects of TRT
include:
Carcinoma of the
prostate, tumors in the liver,
and cancer of the liver. |
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Serious Side Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy by Body System |
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$Cardiovascular - including hypertension and edema with and without congestive heart failure
$Endocrine - including gynecomastia (abnormal
enlargement of the breasts in men) frequent and
sometimes persistent
$Kidneys - including retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chloride, water and
phosphorus, and decreased urinary excretion of calcium
$Liver - including life-threatening peliosis (a vascular condition characterized by multiple
blood-filled cavities throughout the liver), hepatitis and hepatic abnormalities
$Oncologic - included carcinoma of the prostate, tumors in the liver, and cancer of the liver.
Note: Tumor regression did not occur in all cases following medication withdrawal.
$Cholestatic hepatitis (bile from liver cells becomes inflamed and blocked causing abnormal
liver function)
$ Metabolic - increased cholesterol levels and acute intermittent porphyria (decrease of
certain enzymes in one of the most essential metabolic pathways)
$Reproductive organs and urinary system - including semen with a low concentration of
sperm, decreased ejaculatory volume, urinary hesitancy, urinary incontinence, urinary
retention, urinary urgency, and weak urinary system
$Prostate - included prostatic enlargement resulting in urinary obstruction
$Musculoskeletal – including muscle pain
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Side Effects on Children and Women |
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Side effects have been reported in both women and children due to secondary exposure to
testosterone patches and gels. Women sexual partners of men using topical testosterone have
reported virilization (including increased hair growth and the aggravation of acne).
In children, symptoms have included inappropriate enlargement of the penis or clitoris, premature
development of pubic hair, increased erections and libido, aggressive behavior, and advanced bone
age. In most cases, these signs and symptoms regressed with removal of the exposure to
testosterone. In a few cases, however, enlarged genitalia did not fully return to age-appropriate
normal size and bone age remained modestly greater than chronological age.
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WARNING |
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If cancer cells are present in the prostate, Testosterone Replacement Therapy may stimulate the
cancer’s growth. Therefore, men who have prostate cancer should not take TRT. It is important for
all men considering TRT to undergo prostate screening before starting this therapy. Note: according
to cancer specialist, Dr. Russell Blaylock, 70% of men aged 70 have prostate cancer cells. 31
In addition, men who have breast cancer should not take testosterone replacement therapy.
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Pasak Bumi is coveted by bodybuilders because
Its anabolic
properties naturally promote muscle
mass, size, and strength. |
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Top |
Increasing Testosterone:
Naturally |
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Rainforest Herb |
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An herb called Eurycoma longifolia has been used
in Southeast Asia for centuries as a proven and
safe therapy to naturally boost the body’s
production of testosterone. Pasak Bumi (also
called tongkat ali and long jack) is the popular
name for Eurycoma longifolia, a small tree that
grows in Asian rain forests.
This traditional tree is one of the most scientifically studied plants in Asia as it has been found to
contain a plethora of beneficial compounds, including antioxidants, glycoproteins, phytochemicals
and quassiniods. The root of the plant has been employed for centuries as a remedy for the
treatment of such maladies as high blood pressure, fevers, fatigue, migraine, viruses, cancer and
malaria just to name a few. In Vietnam Pasak Bumi it is referred to as the plant that ‘cures 1000
diseases.’
Even with its serious medicinal applications,
Pasak Bumi is used most extensively to boost libido
in both men and women. According to one researcher, Dr. Johari Saad, studies have proven that the
non-medicinal benefits of the herb “basically came down to four categories: increased testosterone,
increased energy, inhibition of SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin), and increased muscle mass.”
Pasak Bumi has been proven to greatly increase ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is responsible
for overall energy and vitality without hyper stimulation, jittery nerves or insomnia. It is coveted
by body builders because of its anabolic properties which promote muscle mass, size and strength,
as well as athletes who use it to enhance sports performance.
Unfortunately, there are three conditions that makes Pasak Bumi quite expensive:
- it requires 20 years of growth to reach its full potency
- recent cultivation restrictions have been placed on this plant by countries where it grows (in
Malaysia it has been placed on the protected species list)
- a dramatic surge in international demand in the last few years
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Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma Longifolia) Extract |
Extracts of Pasak Bumi root
are the only type of the herb that is of value. Pasak Bumi root powder
has very little, if any value because of its low potency. Only the root extract or radix has a high
enough potency to be effective. The extract is particularly expensive because the active
components are present only in small quantities. Root extracts are generally rated from 1:20 (which
means it takes 20 pounds of root powder to make 1 pound of extract) up to 1:100. It is suggested
that each capsule should contain a minimum of 200mg of Pasak Bumi extract at a 1:20
concentration to be effective.
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Only the root (radix)
extract of
Pasak Bumi has a high enough
potency to be effective
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Benefits of Pasak Bumi Extract |
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Extensive research has shown that Pasak Bumi extract, in sufficient dosage and concentration, can
increase your testosterone level which results in the following benefits:
$Increase in muscle size
$Increased muscle strength
$Reduction of body fat
$Weight loss
$Improved sexual performance
$Longer, harder and more spontaneous erections
$Stronger sex drive
$Increased energy and vitality
$Increased bone mineral density
$Lower LDL (bad) cholesterol
$Lower blood pressure
$Improved mood and sense of well-being
$Increased stamina and endurance
$Better cognitive function (memory and concentration)
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Clinical Studies: Benefits of Pasak Bumi
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Inproved Sexual Function |
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In a study by Ismail Tamby, MD, head of the Human Reproductive Specialist Center in Kuala
Lumpur, men given Pasak Bumi extract reported:
$90% boost to their libido
$73.3% improved sexual function
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Increased Sexual Desire and Performance |
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A study conducted in Kuala Lumpur by Dr. Simon Chua with men 31-52 years of age and taking
Pasak Bumi regularly for 3 consecutive weeks reported:
$48% felt healthy, active and energized
$40% felt increased sexual desire. Most subjects demonstrated increased satisfaction in their
sexual health and performance 20
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Increased Free Testosterone and DHEA |
A study conducted by Simon Chua, MD reported that the subjects, showed an increased free
testosterone index and levels of DHEA gradually increased from 26% after one week to 47% after
three weeks 20
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Increased Fertility |
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In a study undertaken by the Tokyo University concluded that Pasak Bumi increases: 21
$Sperm count
$Sperm size
$Motility
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Research has shown that Pasak Bumi
extract can naturally increase
testosterone levels without negative
side effects |
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Increased Muscle Size |
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The extract of Pasak Bumi has clinically proven to causes considerable muscle growth in men. The
British Journal of Sports Medicine reported that in a five week double-blind placebo controlled scientific trial, the use of Pasak Bumi extract caused
a 5 % increase in lean body mass in the treatment group, while no significant changes were
observed in the placebo group
"The mean arm circumference of the treatment group increased significantly by 1.8 cm after the
supplementation, from 30.87 (1.88) to 32.67 (1.96) cm (p = 0.011), but there was no significant
increase in the placebo group."
The abstract of the clinical trial can be read at the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine:
http://bjsm.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/37/5/464
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Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia (Pasak Bumi)
|
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Increased Muscle Strength |
|
The British Journal of Sports Medicine reported that the herb, Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia)
significantly increased muscle strength in men in a clinical study. The Journal went on to report
that during the five week study:
‘The 1RM test showed a significant increase from 73.71 (16.63) to 78.71 (17.0) kg (p = 0.006) in
the treatment group and from 77.29 (8.9) to 79.43 (8.8) kg (p = 0.011) in the placebo group. The
increase in strength in the treatment group was larger than in the placebo group (6.78% and 2.77%
respectively).’
The abstract of the clinical trial can be read at the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine:
http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/5/464.full
Login Username: Andro400
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Scroll down to the article 007 - The Ergogenic Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia (Pasak Bumi)
|
|
Reduced Body Fat Composition |
|
Testosterone appears to affect fat cell metabolism and fat loss through several processes:
$Inhibiting fat storage by blocking a key enzyme called lipoprotein lipase which is necessary
for the uptake of fat into the body’s fat cells.
$Stimulating fat ‘burning’ by increasing the number of receptors on the fat cell membrane
that releases stored fat.22
$Increasing insulin sensitivity and improving lipid and insulin metabolism, while enhancing
growth of muscle fibers and decreasing fat deposits.
All of these effects benefit body composition by promoting lean body mass and reducing fat mass.
23, 24
In Sweden researchers gave a group of overweight men supplemental testosterone for six weeks.25
Afterward they found the activity of the fat-storage enzyme lipoprotein lipase to be dramatically
reduced in abdominal fat tissue. Waist and hip circumference also decreased in 9 of the 11 men.
The British Journal of Sports Medicine reported that the herb, Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia)
demonstrated in a clinical study to reduce body fat.
The abstract of the clinical trial can be read at the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine:
http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/5/464.full
Login Username: Andro400
Password: PasakBumi
Scroll down to the article: 007 - The Ergogenic Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia (Pasak Bumi)
|
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Blood Pressure Reduced |
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A study was performed in Bangkok, Thailand which suggests that the effect of Eurycoma longifolia
(Pasak Bumi) on blood pressure my be peripheral and provides preliminary evidence confirming
the anti-hypertensive property of Eurycoma longifolia.26
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Safety |
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Pasak Bumi is non-toxic and because it is water soluble, it has no negative effect on the liver. The
only reported side effect is that some people have experienced temporary insomnia when taking the
herb late in the day. |
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Top |
Research Studies on Pasak Bumi
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Results |
|
National Population and Family Development Board
Human Reproduction Specialist Centre, Malaysia
Dr. Ismail Tambi
Males between the ages of 31 and 52 were given two capsules of Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak
Bumi) per day for three weeks. They reported erections were stronger and, in some cases, lasted
longer. Overall, they felt more virile. Their levels of testosterone doubled within three weeks.
Source: The Singapore Straits Times, Feb 2003
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang, Malaysia
Conducted By: Ang HH & Ngai TH.
This study supports the use of the plant, Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) by indigenous
populations as a traditional aphrodisiac.
PMID: 11564133 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Date: 2002 July
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang , Malaysia.
Conducted By: Ang HH, Lee KL, Kiyoshi M.
The study concluded that the results support the folk use of this plant (Pasak Bumi) as an
aphrodisiac.
PMID: 15803965 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ] Date: 2000 Jan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang , Malaysia.
Conducted By: Ang HH, Lee KL.
The results of this study show that Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) extracts can increase libido.
Date: 2002 March
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang , Malaysia
Results showed that E. longifolia (Pasak Bumi) produced a recurrent and significant increase in the
episodes of penile reflexes as evidenced by increases in erections.
Source: Journal Index for Medicine, © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Published on: Dec 2005.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
According to The New Sunday Times of Malaysia, research scientists at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology have found out that Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) has great potential in the
treatment of some cancers, especially ovarian cancer.
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex
Findings: Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) possesses high medicinal values due to the
occurrence of a variety of quassinoids.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang , Malaysia
Ang HH, Ikeda S, Gan EK. Evaluation of the potency activity of aphrodisiac in Eurycoma
longifolia jack. Phytother Res. 2001 August
Findings: Pro-androgenic effects of Eurycoma longifolia jack (Pasak Bumi) support the traditional
use of this plant as an aphrodisiac. This study lends further support to the use of the plant by
indigenous populations as a traditional medicine for its aphrodisiac property.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago
In vitro anti-malarial activity of quassinoids from eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) against
Malaysian chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Planta Med. 1995 Apr;
61(2):177-8.
In vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of the quassinoids from Eurycoma
longifolia (Pasak Bumi) a medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. J Ethnopharmacol 2002 Sep
1;82(1):55
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Science, Malaysia
Penang , Malaysia
This study supports the medicinal use of this plant for anxiety therapy.
Top
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References |
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1. Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in
Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701.
2. Tan RS, Salazar JA. Risks of testosterone replacement therapy in aging men. Expert Opin Drug
Saf. 2004 Nov; 3(6):599-606.
3. Spark RF. Testosterone, diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Urol Rep. 2007
Nov;8(6):467-71.
4. Zou B, Sasaki H, Kumagai S. Association between Relative Hypogonadism and Metabolic
Syndrome in Newly Diagnosed Adult Male Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2004 Spring;2(1):39-48.
5. Kalyani RR, Dobs AS. Androgen deficiency, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in men. Curr
Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Jun;14(3):226-34.
6. Almeida OP, Yeap BB, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Flicker L. Low free testosterone concentration
as a potentially treatable cause of depressive symptoms in older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008
Mar;65(3):283-9.
7. Pope HG, Jr., Cohane GH, Kanayama G, Siegel AJ, Hudson JI. Testosterone gel supplementation
for men with refractory depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003
Jan;160(1):105-11.
8. Seidman SN, Rabkin JG. Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression. J Affect Disord. 1998 Mar;48(2-3):157-61.
9. Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Morris PD, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina
improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life. Heart. 2004 Aug;90(8):871-6.
10. Kang SM, Jang Y, Kim JY, et al. Effect of oral administration of testosterone on brachial
arterial vasoreactivity in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Apr 1;89(7):862-4.
11. Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Ose H, Hasegawa G, Yoshikawa T, Nakamura N. Role of endogenous
androgen against insulin resistance and athero- sclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes
Rev. 2007 Feb;3(1):25-31.
12. Spark RF. Testosterone, diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Urol Rep. 2007
Nov;8(6):467-71.
13. Kalyani RR, Dobs AS. Androgen deficiency, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in men.
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Jun;14(3):226-34.
14. Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S, et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and
verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology. 2001 Jul 10;57(1):80-8.
15. Cherrier MM, Anawalt BD, Herbst KL, et al. Cognitive effects of short-term manipulation of
serum sex steroids in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3090-6.
16. Cherrier MM, Craft S, Matsumoto AH. Cognitive changes associated with supplementation of
testosterone or dihydrotestosterone in mildly hypogonadal men: a preliminary report. J Androl.
2003 Jul;24(4):568-76.
17. Cherrier MM, Plymate S, Mohan S, et al. Relationship between testosterone supplementation
and insulin-like growth factor-I levels and cognition in healthy older men.
18. Data from Independent Study, San Francisco, CA. Dosage: 200 mg twice a day for 10 days.
Testosterone test type: Saliva. Volunteers between the ages of 24 and 52 were used in this study.
All participants showed a significant increase over 10 days in serum testosterone level.
19. National Institute on Aging (NIA), November 4, 2002
20. Reproductive Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Source: Article from the book Molecular Biology of the Cell, Published on: Sep 1, 2006.
21. Tokyo College of Pharmacy & the Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University, Japan
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dysfunction and features of the metabolic syndrome using testosterone gel and parenteral
testosterone undecanoate. J Androl. 2008 Jan-Feb;29(1):102-5.
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26. Anderson,-Harvey-G.; Ng,-Lean-Tei
Bangkok (Thailand). 1997. p. 128.
Review abstract of this study can be read on the following web site:
http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=95158
27. The study appears in the January 27, 2004 issue of the journal Neurology. This work was
conducted by investigators at the National Institute on Aging (NIA)
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aging men: purported association and clinical implications. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5(3):141-54.
29. Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations
for monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):482-92.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Jan;29(1):65-82.
30. Tivesten A. Vandenput I., Labrie F, et al. Low serum testosterone and estradiol predict
mortality in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinol Metabolism. 2009 Jul; 94 (7):2482-8.
31. Somers, Suzanne. Knockout: Interviews with Doctors Who Are Curing Cancer; Crown
Publishing, 2009
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DISCLAIMER: Pasak Bumi extract research has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and Pasak Bumi extract are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent
any disease. Pasak Bumi extract are not intended to be used by pregnant or lactating women. You
are encouraged to consult with your DOCTOR before use, especially if you have a medical
condition, a hormone sensitive disorder or if you are taking any PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS.
Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur. |